su Pama

su Pama () is an oligosynthetic polysynthetic experimental minimalistic constructed language constructed in no more than 32 morphemes that are combinable to express more specific meanings. "Pama" literally translates to "loud thought", although depending on context, it may also mean "brainwards", "indeed now", or "full room". However, despite having so much compounding, there is absolutely no strict inflection nor conjugation paradigms of any kind on any word.


Phonology

Likewise to the lexicon, su Pama's phonology is extremely minimal.

The following consonants (C) and vowels (V) make up the phonemic inventory:

Labial Dental Palatal Velar
Nasal m n
Stop p t k
Fricative f s
Liquid (L) j<i>
Back
Close u
Open a

All syllables are in the form (C)V(L). j never appears in the onset. The sequence uj is transcribed i.

Hence, there are 8 possible onsets (counting ∅), 2 possible nuclei, and 2 possible codae (counting ∅), evaluating to 8×2×2=32. Since the language has 32 morphemes and all are monosyllabic, all permitted combinations are a meaningful morpheme.

Allophonically, u→i/_j.

The following table is written with the aforesaid orthographical conventions applied.

m n p t k f s ∅
a ma na pa ta ka fa sa a
u mu nu pu tu ku fu su u
ai mai nai pai tai kai fai sai ai
i mi ni pi ti ki fi si i

Lexicon

Since classifying individual words as nouns, adjectives, et cetera would be naught but masochisy due to the words' multifunctionalness, it is far more helpful to classify in terms of the four classes, although many words straddle multiple classes:

  • Class I words refer to concepts, actions, qualities, states, manners of doing, directions, relations, and physical things.
  • Class II words enable personal deixis.
  • Class III words are strictly case and discourse particles.
  • Class IV are miscellaneous particles.

Orthographically, compounds are written without any spacing betwixt the morphemes in order to save space.

Deixis is usually expressed with proximal fimi (with+me), medial fiti (with+you), and distal fini (with+them) for both the locative adverb and the demostrative determiner.

The below-shown definitions are extremely extensible.

Key: Class I, Class II, Class III, Class IV.

Word Base Definition Word Base Definition
pa truth, state, full, superior na falsehood, empty, inferior, zero
pu edible, consume, use up mu quality, concept
ta space, move, place, location ma thought, interior, in
tu liquid, nutrient ka gas, breath, environment
ku good, beautiful, help, teach, benefit nu bad, destroy, fight, malefit, accident
fa life, love, job, do fu thing, physical, make, one
tai time, pass, now, event kai new, shall, future, later, after
fai old, past, before, early sa small, part, section, divide, split, allot, diminutive
sai big, size, mass, many mai ability, potential, might
pai space, move, place, location ki possess, have; of (genitive)
mi 1st person pi nigh, receive; to (dative)
ti 2nd person si tool, wield, reason, why; because, from, by (instrumental)
ni 3rd person a befall; question particle; unto (accusative)
fi logical OR; with (comitative) ai command, tell, give; (nominative)
nai partial truth, white lie; irony/sarcasm particle i do, perform; (active)
su name particle; (rarely) definite article u call, request, hope; imperative; hello; oh (vocative)

Grammar

Depending on analysis, su Pama could be said either to have eight cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, comitative, vocative, active), or for those eight's respective particles to rather be naught else but prepositions since the case markers modify noun phrases.

su Pama is analysed as being effectively verbless, although the function of verbs is largely replicated by the active case, glossed as ACT. Indeed, it is most helpful to classify all Class I morphemes to be nouns in isolation.


Morphology and Syntax

Word Order Word order is free. Using prepositions to show subject/action/direct/indirect object is compulsory except for Class II morphemes in subject or direct object position. Subject marking with the nominative preposition is entirely optional as well.

Morphosyntactic Alignment su Pama is a nominative-accusative aligned language.

Compounding All compounds must be endocentric, although one is able to use fi (as shall be shown hereinafter) to build noun phrases that replicate the meaning of copulative compounds (dvandvāni). The head of a compound must lie at the end of the compound.

For example, take the namesake of the language: pama, a compound of pa with ma, whereof the head is ma "thought". pa "full" is merely a modifier unto ma, therefore giving pama the meaning of "full thought" or "loud thought".

It would be ungrammatical to use mapa to describe this concept, since therein, pa is the head and ma the modifier, which gives mapa a meaning akin to "indoor fullness" or "indoor truth".

Endocentric compounding also replaces and fulfills the role adjectives have in other languages.

It ought to be noted that by orthographical convention, first-order compounds are written without spaces lain between morphemes. Second-order compounds are always hyphenated.

Logical Operators The particle fi is able to be used to convey logical disjunction or OR. Since {V,¬} is a functionally complete set of operations in Boolean algebra, one could theoretically build any logical operator with na and fi alone; however, this would in practice be complicated by the language's lack of explicit referent tracking, thereby requiring repetition of clauses. Therefore, it is allowed to use the construction A κ₁λκ₂ B for clauses A and B. κ₁ and κ₂ are placeholders for the allowed functions applied to clause A and clause B respectively, forthcomingly shown. λ is a placeholder for any one of the binary logical connectives, which in su Pama would be either fi for logical OR, or even si for converse material implication.

With the aforesaid construction, we can construct na-nasi (¬(¬A←B)) to convey logical conjunction or AND.

However, augmentative sai and diminutive sa can also be applied to these logical constructions, resembling an informal fuzzy logic albeit incompletely. For instance, aversion (BUT) can be constructed as AND+DIM=sa-na-nasi. The augmentative really only gives an emphatic quality.

κ₁ and κ₂ are permitted to be: negation na, identity pa, augmentative sai, or diminutive sa.

The orthographical conventions for compound nouns also hold for compound logical operators.

An example of logical operators being put into action lies herebelow.

su Pama Ni i fai nu-pu a nu-tu, sa-na-nasi ni i ma a kai fa ki ni i pa a pa.
Gloss [NOM]-3 ACT-PAS-accident=consume ACC-bad=liquid, DIM=NEG=(NEG=CONVIMPLY) [NOM]-3 ACT-thought ACC-FUT-life GEN-3 ACT-truth ACC-truth
Literal Translation They accidentally consumed [some] bad liquid, but they think [that] future life of theirs be truth.
Semantic Translation They accidentally drank poison, but they think they'll live.

Relative Clauses The 3rd person pronoun ni placed in an independent clause after the preceding clause usually subsumes other languages' relative clauses' roles.